The Sherpa People of the Himalayas

The Sherpa are an ethnic group who live in the high mountains of the Himalayas in Nepal. Well-known for being guides to Westerners who want to climb Mt. Everest, the highest mountain in the world, the Sherpa have an image of being hard-working, peaceful, and brave. Increasing contact with Westerners, however, is drastically changing Sherpa culture. Who Are the Sherpa? The Sherpa migrated from eastern Tibet to Nepal around 500 years ago. Prior to Western intrusion in the twentieth century, the Sherpa didnt climb mountains. As Nyingma Buddhists, they reverently passed by the high peaks of the Himalaya, believing them to be the homes of the gods. The Sherpa eked their livelihood from high-altitude farming, cattle raising, and wool spinning and weaving. It wasnt until the 1920s that Sherpa became involved in climbing. The British, who controlled the Indian subcontinent at the time, planned mountain climbing expeditions and hired Sherpa as porters. From that point on, due to their willingness to work and ability to climb the worlds tallest peaks, mountaineering became part of the Sherpa culture. Reaching the Top of Mt. Everest Although numerous expeditions had made the attempt, it wasnt until 1953 that Edmund Hillary and a Sherpa named Tenzing Norgay managed to reach the 29,028 foot (8,848 meter) peak of Mount Everest. After 1953, countless teams of climbers have wanted the same achievement and have thus invaded the Sherpa homeland, hiring an ever-increasing number of Sherpa as guides and porters.   In 1976, the Sherpa homeland and Mount Everest became protected as part of Sagarmatha National Park. The park was created through the efforts not only of the government of Nepal but also through the work of the Himalayan Trust, a foundation established by Hillary. Changes in Sherpa Culture The influx of mountaineers into the Sherpa homeland has dramatically transformed Sherpa culture and way of life. Once an isolated community, Sherpa life now greatly revolves around foreign climbers. The first successful climb to the summit in 1953 popularized Mt. Everest and brought more climbers to the Sherpa homeland. While once only the most experienced climbers attempted Everest, now even inexperienced climbers expect to reach the top. Each year, hundreds of tourists flock to the Sherpa homeland, are given a few lessons in mountaineering, and then head up the mountain with Sherpa guides. The Sherpa cater to these tourists by providing gear, guiding, lodges, coffee shops, and Wifi. The income provided by this Everest industry has made the Sherpa one of the richest ethnicities in Nepal,  making about seven times the per capita income of all Nepalese. For the most part, Sherpa no longer serve as porters for these expeditions — they contract that job out to other ethnicities but retain positions such as head porter or lead guide. Despite the increased income, traveling on Mt. Everest is a dangerous job — very dangerous. Of the numerous deaths on Mt. Everest, 40% are Sherpas.  Without life insurance, these deaths are leaving in their wake a large number of widows and fatherless children. On April 18, 2014, an avalanche fell and killed 16 Nepalese climbers, 13 of whom were Sherpas. This was a devastating loss to the Sherpa community, which consists of only about 150,000 individuals. While most Westerners expect the Sherpa to take this risk, the Sherpa themselves are becoming increasingly concerned about the future of their society.

Crime And Criminality In Charles Dickenss Great Expectations

During the 19th century, crime and criminality was largely debated upon. Social reformists, poets and writers of this era wrote provocatively about this topic, and many considered crime to be an â€Å"inescapable social problem†. The surge of industrial development across Britain created new problems for Victorian society as the incline of wealth altered the structure of the class system. In addition to this, the lack of a welfare structure resulted in numerous men, women and children being exposed to a life of petty crime such as robbery and pick-pocketing in order to survive. The themes of crime and criminality are predominant in Charles Dickens bildungsroman novel ‘Great Expectations’ published in 1861, which depicts the growth of the†¦show more content†¦His sister Mrs Joe Gargery emotionally torments and beats Pip, and reprimands his curiosity by convincing him he will become a felon in later life as â€Å"they always begin by asking questions†. Her projection of guilt upon Pip makes him feel insignificant and he even equates himself to a criminal, â€Å"I think that my sister must have some general idea that I was a young offender† thus depicting how simple it could be to become a criminal in Victorian society. Moreover, Pip associates himself with criminals, and this can be seen in the opening chapter of the novel when Pip stands alone amidst the marshes besides his family tombstone, a â€Å"small bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry†. A man, â€Å"all in coarse grey, with a great iron on his leg†then startles Pip with his â€Å"terrible voice†. His physical attributes and appearance are fundamental to the overall representation of his character, and his description from Pips view is rather distressing. The man, revealed to be an escaped convict called Magwitch is portrayed as being frantic and starving. He threatens Pip with another criminal who will eat his hear t out if Pip does not aid his escape, and here the reader can partially sympathise with Magwitch’s desperation for freedom. Although Magwitch’s external appearance is rather unpleasant- and adheres to the typical representation of criminals- Dickens pens this character with great respect. As the novel examines Magwitch’sShow MoreRelatedDickens Use of the Word Hand3157 Words   |  13 Pagesthat thing in the same way again. John Irving The King of the Novel Descriptive Dickens Use of the Word Hand Charles Dickens description in Great Expectations is a telling example of why people consider him one of the greatest and most successful novelists ever. Dickens uses his talent for descriptive writing throughout Great Expectations to develop his characters and themes. Many of these themes emerge from Dickens personal experiences, specifically his emphasis on the

Documents Required in a Clinical Study

Question: Describe about the Documents Required in a Clinical Study? Answer: Introduction The essential documents needed while performing the investigation on clinical study is not described elaborately by the Federal governing committee. This has quite a few major purposes. 1. Demonstrating the laws with the total requirements to the sponsors and the investigators.2. Assisting the sponsors, investigators for the successful study of management.3. Confirming the validity for conducting the clinical investigation and sincerity in data collection. Documents required before starting a clinical study While starting the clinical study certain documents are required. That are- I. Brochures for the investigators- In this documents the current information are present which helps the investigators by providing the data (Wang, 2012). II. Signed Amendments and Protocols- These documents are required to be signed by the investigators for the agreement.III. Information about the subject- Full information about the subject has to be there. Certain measures have to be taken while doing the work.IV. Financial side of the study- For the study there should be financial consensus between the sponsors and the investigators.V. Statement on Insurances- There should be insurance for the subjects who are used for the clinical study(Eriksson and Nilsson, 2008). Documents needed while conducting the clinical study While commencing the study there are few documents which are needed. I. Updating the Brochure for the investigators- The brochure need to be updated for the investigators so that they dont have any problem in the information.II. Revisions of the Protocols and Amendments- The protocols and amendments need to be revised time to time. If the revision is not done properly then it will create problem (Twist et al., 2014). III. Documents need to be dated The protocols and amendments which are needed and are used on the subjects are needed to be dated. If the documents are dated then it will be easy to understand that which protocol was used on which date.IV. Notifications are authorized regularly- The laws which are used in the protocols and amendments are need to be checked on a timely basis so that if any of them needs to be changed due to the new changes done by the government than that can be done during the time period.V. New curriculum for the new investigators- If any new investigator join in the middle then for that person new schedules had to be m ade according to his work schedule. This goes same for the new sun investigators (Kmietowicz, 2013). Documents required after completion of the study- When the whole study of clinical protocol is done then there are certain documents which are needed to be looked through- I. Accountability and investigation of the products are done- The documents that are needed for the investigation of the products are to be done. The accountability of those products is also need to be done at the site (Butcher, 2010). II. Documenting the products- The products needed for the investigation purpose are required to be documented because the documentation part will be sent to the investigators and the sponsors so that they can keep a tally of those products.III. Coding list of the subject- The subjects, who are used for the trials are need to be coded so that it can used in the future for references and this lists should be kept totally confidential (Buccini et al., 2010). IV. Certificates for the Audit- Every year an audit is done on the study report. Those reports are kept safely for future use and those reports might be required by the government for any compliance purpose.V. Treatment for decoding and allocating the documents- The documents which are sent to the spo nsors might be required for decoding them and for that they are again sent to the sponsors for allocating and decoding those documents.VI. Final report sent to the investigators and also to the institution- The final report need to be sent to the investigators and also to the institution, for whom the protocol is made so that they can apply in their system.VII. Report of the Clinical study- The documents of the final report need to be finalized and to be sent for interpretation so that it can be used (Sato et al., 2014). Conclusion In a gist it can be said that the whole process of documenting the report starting from the pre- process till the post process is a long task (Saleh Nazzal, 2014). Before starting the report certain things need to be looked through then while doing the report there is also certain task like updating the brochures etc and finally after completing the work the report need to be documented and then sent (European regulator appeals against order stopping it from releasing clinical study documents, 2013). References Buccini, L., Iverson, D., Caputi, P. and Jones, C. (2010) An Australian Based Study on the Readability of HIV/AIDS and Type 2 Diabetes Clinical Trial Informed Consent DocumentsBioethical Inquiry, 7(3), pp.313-319 Butcher, L. (2010) First Published Cost-Effectiveness Study of Evidence-Based Clinical Pathways Documents 35% Lower Costs with No Differences in Survival.Oncology Times, 32(5), pp.23-24 Eriksson, I. and Nilsson, K. (2008) Preconditions needed for establishing a trusting relationship during health counseling - an interview study.Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(17), pp.2352-2359 European regulator appeals against order stopping it from releasing clinical study documents. (2013).BMJ, 347(jul31 2), pp.f4867-f4867 Kmietowicz, Z. (2013). European regulator is ordered not to release clinical study documents.BMJ, 346(may02 4), pp.f2846-f2846 Saleh Nazzal, M. (2014) Virchow Node and Gastric Cancer Clinical Diagnosis is Still Important.J Clin Case Rep, 04(09) Sato, K., Watanabe, T., Katsumata, N., Sato, T. and Ohashi, Y (2014) Satisfying the needs of Japanese cancer patients: A comparative study of detailed and standard informed consent documents Clinical Trials, 11(1), pp.86-95. Twist, E., Lawrence, D., Salsbury, S. and Hawk, C (2014) Do informed consent documents for chiropractic clinical research studies meet readability level recommendations and contain required elements: a descriptive study.Chiropr Man Therap, 22(1), p.40. Wang, B. (2012).Medical equipment maintenance San Rafael, Calif. (1537 Fourth Street, San Rafael, CA 94901 USA): Morgan Claypool.